Castle Expenditure, 1189-99

Below is a working list of castles where 'works' were mentioned in the pipe rolls of King Richard I (1189-99). The criteria for inclusion in this list has been the use of the Latin word oper and its dirivitives. This has specifically discluded all references to repairs and amendments to obviously existing structures. These appear in the second table. The earlier paper on the works of Henry II should be consulted for this critea. The works of King John can also be consulted.

King Richard can be seen to have been less interesting in fortifying and maintaining his castles than his father was. During Richard's time works were recorded on 44 castles in his pipe rolls. Of these the only castle to have a moderate amount spent on it was Dover at some £650. Of the rest only Canterbury, Hereford, Oxford, Pevensey, Wallingford and Winchester had over £100 spent on them. The major work of his reign, however, was in London. Here works on the Tower seem to have totalled over £5,000, all spent in the first half of the reign. This was still less than his father's expenditure at Dover in the last years of his life. Therefore, as we know from Hoveden, that the castle moat was dug at this time, it would appear that much more of the enceinte belonged to the Lionheart's work, than that which is claimed for his thirteenth century successors. The great cost of Chateau Gaillard likewise would have used up much of the money that might otherwise have been spent on English castles in the latter half of the reign.

Just as Richard does not seem to have spent much on building works, so too his repairs and amendments were much smaller than those of his father, with only Oxford and the Tower of London having more than £100 spent on them out of the 63 castles he was recorded as maintaining.

Works on Castles, 1189 to 1199

Castle	Years	Expenditure	Amount per Year
Appleby	1193	£2	£2
Bristol	1189, 1191, 1193	£15 4s 6d	£5 1s 6d
Cambridge	1190-91	£50 8s 8d	£25 4s 4d
Canterbury	1192-93	£167 15s 5d	£83 17s 9d
Carlisle	1191, 1194, 1196-98	£28 12s 6d	£5 14s 6d
Carreghofa	1194-95	£24 4s	£12 2s
Chichester	1191-94, 1198	£38 12s 11d	£7 14s 7d
Colchester	1190	£12	£12
Dover	1189-91, 1194	£649 3s	£162 5s 9d
Exeter	1191, 1198	£33 12s 9d	£16 16s 5d
Gloucester	1191	£51 16s	£51 16s
Grosmont	1193	£1 6s 8d	£1 6s 8d
Guildford	1191	£35 6s 5d	£35 6s 5d
Hastings	1190-91, 1196	£16	£5 6s 8d
Hereford	1190, 1193, 1198	£102 5d	£34 2d
Hertford	1191, 1193	£45 17s 8d	£22 18s 10d
Kenilworth	1193	£4 8s	£4 8s
Launceston	1195, 1198	£14 5s 4d	£7 2s 8d
Lincoln	1193, 1195	£85 16s 4d	£42 18s 2d
Lydford	1195	£74	£74
Marlborough	1196	£10 7s 8d	£10 7s 8d
Mathrafael	1195	£6 13s 4d	£6 13s 4d
Montsorrel	1191, 1195	£15 11s 11d	£7 16s
Newcastle Under Lyme	1190, 1193	£24 10s 3d	£12 5s 2d
Newport - Cemais	1197	£13 6s 8d	£13 6s 8d
Northampton	1191-93	£85 6s 7d	£28 8s 10d
Nottingham	1194, 1196, 1198	£29 12s 5d	£9 17s 6d
Oxford	1191-92	£178 1s 4d	£89 8d
Peak	1198	£5 2s 3d	£5 2s 3d
Pevensey	1192-94, 1197	£107 3s 2d	£26 15s 10d
Portchester	1191-93	£25 7s 2d	£8 9s 1d
Rochester	1190, 1196	£35 18s	£17 19s
Salisbury	1189, 1191, 1193	£56 4s 8d	£18 14s 11d
Scarborough	1192-93	£20 8s 2d	£10 4s 1d
Sherborne	1196	£5	£5
Skenfrith	1190, 1193	£19 1d	£9 10s 1d
Southampton	1190-91, 1193, 1198	£79 14s	£19 18s 6d
Tickhill	1196	£26 19s 8d	£26 19s 8d
Tower of London	1189-93, 1195	£5,061 13s 1d	£843 12s 2d
Wallingford	1190, 1194, 1197-98	£151 16s 11d	£37 19s 3d
Winchester	1190-91, 1193-94	£160 9s 2d	£40 2s 4d
Windsor	1191	£33 14s 5½d	£33 14s 5½d
Worcester	1191-93	£9 14s 4d	£3 4s 9d
York	1190-93	£246 15s 1d	£61 13s 9d

Castle	Years	Expenditure	Amount per Year
Appleby	1197-98	£4	£2
Arundel	1189, 1195	£8 19s 3d	£4 9s 8d
Bamburgh	1195, 1197-98	£3 1s 3d	£1 5d
Bleddfa	1195	£5	£5
Bolsover	1198	8s	8s
Bridgnorth	1189, 1191, 1195-98	£21 19s 9d	£3 13s 4d
Bridgnorth keep	1193	£32 8s 5d	£32 8s 5d
Bristol	1195	£10 18s 4d	£10 18s 4d
Brough	1198	13s 4d	13s 4d
Cambridge	1194-96	£4 6s 6d	£1 8s 10d
Canterbury	1196-98	£7 10s	£2 10s
Castle Stretton	1195	£3 6s 8d	£3 6s 8d
Chichester	1195-96	£6 2s 3d	£3 1s 2d
Chilham	1192, 1196	£25 7s	£12 13s 6d
Clitheroe	1194	£2	£2
Colchester	1192, 1195	£40	£20
Corfe	1189, 1193, 1196, 1198	£24 13s 4d	£6 3s 4d
Cymaron	1195	£20	£20
Derby	1197	£5	£5
Devizes	1196	£7 18s	£7 18s
Dorchester	1195-96	£7	£3 10s
Dover	1196	£76 3s	£76 3s
Dunster	1195	£2 2s	£2 2s
Eye	1191, 1194-95, 1197	£23 7s 1d	£5 16s 9d
Exeter	1195-97	£25 3s 4d	£8 7s 9d
Gloucester	1191-92, 1194	£63 14s 7d	£21 4s 10d
Guildford	1193	£10	£10
Hastings	1195-96	£16 13s 4d	£8 6s 8d
Hereford	1189, 1196-97	£1 19s 4d	13s 1d
Hertford	1194-97	£6 6s 7d	£1 11s 8d
Kenilworth	1190	£47 18s 9d	£47 18s 9d
Knighton	1191	£13 6s 8d	£13 6s 8d
Lancaster	1197	£6 13s 4d	£6 13s 4d
Launceston	1189, 1194	£4 17s 6d	£2 8s 9d
Lincoln	1190, 1197	£18 6s 8d	£9 3s 4d
Marlborough	1197	£3	£3
Mountsorrel	1190	£25 11s 9d	£25 11s 9d
Newcastle Under Lyme	1190-92, 1194-98	£48 10s 10d	£6 1s 4d
Newcastle on Tyne	1195, 1198	£4 4s 5d	£2 2s 2½d
Newcastle on Tyne keep	1197	£1 17s	£1 17s
Northampton	1190, 1197	£8 2s 11d	£4 1s 6d
Norwich	1191	£8 9s 7d	£8 9s 7d
Nottingham	1192, 1195-97	£29 18s 8d	£7 9s 8d
Orford	1191, 1198	£11 16s 3d	£5 18s 2d
Oxford	1190-91, 1195, 1195-96	£154 1s 11d	£30 16s 5d
Pevensey	1193, 1195-96	£21 13s 4d	£7 4s 5d
Pickering	1196-97	£3 15s	£1 17s 6d
Pontefract	1194	£1 15s	£1 15s
Portchester	1195	£26 6s 10d	£26 6s 10d
Rochester keep	1195	£5	£5
St Briavels	1198	£5	£5
Salisbury	1194, 1196-97	£9 6s 8d	£3 2s 3d
Salisbury keep	1195	£3 6s 8d	£3 6s 8d
Scarborough	1197	£2 5s	£2 5s
Sherborne	1193-95	£10	£3 6s 8d
Shrawardine	1195	£2 10s	£2 10s
Shrewsbury	1189, 1191, 1195-96, 1198	£11	£2 4s
Southampton	1189-90, 1192, 1196	£59 2s 10d	£14 15s 9d
Tickhill	1192	£4	£4
Tower of London	1189, 1192, 1194, 1196-97	£159 19s 4d	£31 19s 10d
Wallingford	1195	£10 7s 7d	£10 7s 7d
Warwick	1191	£2 5s 6d	£2 5s 6d
Winchester	1189, 1193-98	£60 10s 3d	£8 12s 11d
Windsor	1189, 1192, 1195, 1198	£43 17s 4d	£10 19s 4d
Worcester	1194-98	£15 13s 9d	£3 2s 9d
York	1194	13s 4d	13s 4d